Detection of human Mastadenovirus C in wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea aperea) feces.

The Adenoviridae family is composed by a high diversity of viruses that are extremely resistant in environment and are frequently excreted in animal reservoir feces for long periods. The knowledge of adenovirus (AdV) diversity among wild species may be important for the understanding of the epidemiology of putative emerging diseases. Cavia aperea aperea, commonly known as wild guinea pigs, wild cavies, or preas, are small herbivorous rodents widely distributed throughout South America and classified in Caviidae family, as well as domestic guinea pigs and capybaras. In order to investigate their potential role as reservoir of zoonotic agents, the present study aimed to verify the presence of AdV in fecal samples of 14 preas from Northeast Brazil. When submitted to nested PCR, two out of 14 samples (14.28%) were positive for AdV and classified as human Mastadenovirus C (HAdV-C) using DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Wild guinea pigs are synanthropic rodents that live in close contact with humans. The investigation of viral agents in rodents is important due to their potential role as reservoirs of human and animal pathogens. Moreover, the present work presents the first known evidence of HAdV in wild guinea pig stool samples, which may represent both the impact of anthropogenic pollution to wild animals and an important knowledge in terms of human health.

Intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test in the diagnosis of caprine tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis remains one of the most important infectious diseases with well-known zoonotic nature that affect humans, wildlife, and domestic animals, including goats. Nonetheless, no intradermal tuberculin test has been standardized for caprine diagnosis of tuberculosis. The present study investigated the intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (ICCTT) in the diagnosis of tuberculosis among 60 goats from farms with history of tuberculosis. The cutoff applied to goats was based on a study where goats had been experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium. Clinical examination, bacteriological culture, and histopathological staining were assessed to the diagnosis. Isolates compatible with mycobacteria were subjected for molecular diagnosis based on gyrB-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and PCR restriction-enzyme analysis (PRA) of hsp65 gene by BstEII and HaeIII, namely PRA-hsp65 assay. From all goats, 60% (n = 36/60), 3.3% (n = 2/60), and 36.7% (n = 22/60) showed positive, inconclusive, and negative reactions, respectively. Out of 36 goats with ICCTT positive, 75% (n = 27/36) had isolation of mycobacteria and were detected M. bovis by gyrB-RFLP. Molecular diagnosis and histopathological findings compatible with tuberculosis showed 86.1% (n = 31/36) concordance with the ICCTT. When compared ICCTT with M. bovis isolation, gyrB-RFLP, and histopathology, the better arithmetic means of sensitivity and specificity were 2.5 mm for ICCTT compared with M. bovis isolation and gyrB-RFLP, and 4.55 mm when compared with histopathology. Both receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves presented statistical significance (P < 0.001). The identification of other mycobacteria, e.g., M. kansasii, M. flavescens, M. avium, M. florentinum, M. lentiflavum, M. simiae, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, not influenced positive results in ICCTT. The concordance between bacteriological, histopathological, and molecular identification with ICCTT findings indicate that the tuberculin test may be used as a valuable tool for diagnosis of caprine tuberculosis and reinforce the importance of association of methods to diagnostic of the disease from animal origin.

Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep grazing in irrigated and dry areas in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil.

This study aimed to determine the AR of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) to commercial drugs in sheep flocks naturally infected, grazing in irrigated (IA) and dry (DA) areas of the semiarid region in northeastern Brazil. Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were performed at 10 farms. From each flock, 36 adult sheep were selected and divided into five groups (G1 (0.08% ivermectin), G2 (10% albendazole), G3 (5% levamisole), G4 (1% moxidectin), G5 (10% closantel) and one control group, G6). All the commercial drugs were found to reduce the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). Resistance to ivermectin (37.1%), albendazole (52.1%), and levamisole (52.0%) was detected at all the farms, but nematodes proved to be susceptible to moxidectin (87.9%) and closantel (83.9%). The overall average efficacy of the commercial drugs was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in DA (49.2%), where moxidectin (90.4%) showed high effectiveness. The presence of the parasite Haemonchus contortus predominated at all the farms. The variables irrigated area (P = 0.002), intensive breeding (P = 0.018), uncovered enclosures (P = 0.05), cultivated (P = 0.043) and native/cultivated (P = 0.007) pastures, and rotational grazing (P = 0.013) were significantly associated with GIN infection; irrigated area (P = 0.009), semi-intensive breeding (P = 0.05), rotational grazing (P = 0.045), cultivated (P = 0.021) and native/cultivated (P = 0.04) pastures, and estimated weighing of animals (P = 0.002) were significantly associated with AR. Therefore, improved management practices and strategic deworming must be implemented to prevent the development of AR.

Vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected ewes in the semiarid region of Brazil.

To evaluate transplacental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected ewes, blood samples were collected from 55 pregnant ewes and their offspring, before ingestion of colostrum. From 16 offspring of positive ewes and nine offspring from negative ewes, blood samples were obtained after 48 h and 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days after birth. T. gondii antibodies were detected in serum samples using the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT ≥ 64). Four of the 30 positive ewes (13.3 %) had offspring positive for T. gondii before ingesting colostrum (vertical transmission). The colostrum antibody titers decreased every week, and only 20 % (2/10) of the lambs in continued to present detectable antibody titers until day 56 after birth. Therefore, vertical transmission of T. gondii in lambs was indication of occur and is an important route for transferring and maintaining the agent in sheep herds in the Brazilian semiarid region.

Cross-sectional survey for canine leptospirosis in an Atlantic Rainforest area of the semiarid of Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil / Estudo transversal para leptospirose canina em área de Mata Atlântica do semiárido da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the bacteria Leptospira spp. that affects humans, domestic and wild animals. The present work aimed to conduct a cross-sectional survey for leptospirosis in the canine population of the Brejo Paraibano microregion, semiarid of Northeastern Brazil. From May to October 2017, blood samples from 414 dogs were collected in the counties of Alagoa Grande (n=100), Areia (n=79), Bananeiras (n=72), Alagoa Nova (n=73), Serrraria (n=25), Pilões (n=25), Borborema (n=20) and Matinhas (n=20). The tutors of the sampled dogs answered an epidemiological questionnaire, obtaining information about the animals, owner, residence and breeding of the dogs. Subsequently, the serum samples were subjected to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using a collection of 23 serovar pathogenic antigens and using the 1:50 dilution as the cutoff point. Of the 414 dogs analyzed 52 were seroreactive, resulting in an apparent prevalence of 12.6% and a real prevalence of 12.2%. Seroreactive dogs were found in the eight counties. Dogs were reactive for the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae (76.9%), Autumnalis (13.55%), Pomona (3.8%), Grippotyphosa (3.8%) and Serjoe (1.9%) Antibody titers ranged from 50 to 800. The statistical analysis (robust Poisson regression) detected six factors associated with seropositivity, including the rainy season (prevalence ratio; PR=1.94, P=0.013), male dogs (PR=2.10, P=0.005), animals with age greater than five years (PR=4.21, P=0.012), consumption of untreated water (PR=1.87, P=0.043), free access of dogs to street (PR=2.15, P=0.011) and contact with wildlife (PR=3.54, P=0.050). The serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae has a high zoonotic potential and was the most frequent in seropositive animals. The high real prevalence of Leptospira spp. in a transmission region of the semiarid region of Paraíba and the occurrence of seroreactive animals in all the counties suggest wide distribution of the infection and reinforce the need for preventive measures to avoid infection in pets and, consequently, to humans. The analysis of factors associated with the prevalence suggest greater manegment cares with the dogs.(AU)

A leptospirose é uma zoonose mundial causada pela bactéria Leptospira spp. que afeta seres humanos, animais domésticos e selvagens. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo transversal de leptospirose na população canina da microrregião Brejo Paraibano, semiárido do Nordeste do Brasil. No período de maio a outubro de 2017, amostras de sangue de 414 cães foram coletadas nas cidades de Alagoa Grande (n=100), Areia (n=79), Bananeiras (n=72), Alagoa Nova (n=73), Serraria (n=25), Pilões (n=25), Borborema (n=20) e Matinhas (n=20). Os tutores dos cães amostrados responderam a um questionário epidemiológico, sendo obtidas informações sobre os animais, proprietário, residência e criação dos cães. Posteriormente as amostras de soro foram submetidas à prova de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), utilizando-se uma coleção de 23 sorovares antígenos patogênicos e adotando como ponto de corte a diluição 1:50. Dos 414 cães analisados 52 foram sorreativos, resultando em uma prevalência aparente de 12.6% e uma prevalência real de 12,2%. Cães sororreativos foram encontrados nos oito municípios. Os cães foram reativos para o sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae (76,9%), Autumnalis (13,55%), Pomona (3,8%), Grippotyphosa (3,8%) and Serjoe (1,9%) Os títulos de anticorpos variaram de 50 a 800. A análise estatística (regressão de Poisson robusta) detectou seis fatores associados à soropositividade, incluindo o período chuvoso (razão de prevalência - RP=1,94; P=0,013), cães machos (RP=2,10; P=0,005), animais com idade maior que cinco anos (RP=4,21; P=0,012), consumo de água não tratada (RP=1,87; P=0,043), cães com livre acesso à rua (RP=2,15; P=0,011) e contato com animais silvestres (RP=3,54; P=0,050). Os resultados desse estudo indicaram que há a exposição por Leptospira spp. em cães da microrregião do Brejo paraibano. O sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae possui alto potencial zoonótico e foi o mais frequente nos animais soropositivos. A alta prevalência real de Leptospira spp. em uma região de transmissão da região semiárida da Paraíba e a ocorrência de animais sororreativos em todos os municípios sugerem uma ampla distribuição da infecção e reforçam a necessidade de medidas preventivas para evitar a infecção em animais de estimação e, consequentemente, em seres humanos. A análise dos fatores associados à prevalência sugere maior cuidado com os cães.(AU)

Cross-sectional survey for canine leptospirosis in an Atlantic Rainforest area of the semiarid of Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT: Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the bacteria Leptospira spp. that affects humans, domestic and wild animals. The present work aimed to conduct a cross-sectional survey for leptospirosis in the canine population of the Brejo Paraibano microregion, semiarid of Northeastern Brazil. From May to October 2017, blood samples from 414 dogs were collected in the counties of Alagoa Grande (n=100), Areia (n=79), Bananeiras (n=72), Alagoa Nova (n=73), Serrraria (n=25), Pilões (n=25), Borborema (n=20) and Matinhas (n=20). The tutors of the sampled dogs answered an epidemiological questionnaire, obtaining information about the animals, owner, residence and breeding of the dogs. Subsequently, the serum samples were subjected to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using a collection of 23 serovar pathogenic antigens and using the 1:50 dilution as the cutoff point. Of the 414 dogs analyzed 52 were seroreactive, resulting in an apparent prevalence of 12.6% and a real prevalence of 12.2%. Seroreactive dogs were found in the eight counties. Dogs were reactive for the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae (76.9%), Autumnalis (13.55%), Pomona (3.8%), Grippotyphosa (3.8%) and Serjoe (1.9%) Antibody titers ranged from 50 to 800. The statistical analysis (robust Poisson regression) detected six factors associated with seropositivity, including the rainy season (prevalence ratio; PR=1.94, P=0.013), male dogs (PR=2.10, P=0.005), animals with age greater than five years (PR=4.21, P=0.012), consumption of untreated water (PR=1.87, P=0.043), free access of dogs to street (PR=2.15, P=0.011) and contact with wildlife (PR=3.54, P=0.050). The serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae has a high zoonotic potential and was the most frequent in seropositive animals. The high real prevalence of Leptospira spp. in a transmission region of the semiarid region of Paraíba and the occurrence of seroreactive animals in all the counties suggest wide distribution of the infection and reinforce the need for preventive measures to avoid infection in pets and, consequently, to humans. The analysis of factors associated with the prevalence suggest greater manegment cares with the dogs.

RESUMO: A leptospirose é uma zoonose mundial causada pela bactéria Leptospira spp. que afeta seres humanos, animais domésticos e selvagens. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo transversal de leptospirose na população canina da microrregião Brejo Paraibano, semiárido do Nordeste do Brasil. No período de maio a outubro de 2017, amostras de sangue de 414 cães foram coletadas nas cidades de Alagoa Grande (n=100), Areia (n=79), Bananeiras (n=72), Alagoa Nova (n=73), Serraria (n=25), Pilões (n=25), Borborema (n=20) e Matinhas (n=20). Os tutores dos cães amostrados responderam a um questionário epidemiológico, sendo obtidas informações sobre os animais, proprietário, residência e criação dos cães. Posteriormente as amostras de soro foram submetidas à prova de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), utilizando-se uma coleção de 23 sorovares antígenos patogênicos e adotando como ponto de corte a diluição 1:50. Dos 414 cães analisados 52 foram sorreativos, resultando em uma prevalência aparente de 12.6% e uma prevalência real de 12,2%. Cães sororreativos foram encontrados nos oito municípios. Os cães foram reativos para o sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae (76,9%), Autumnalis (13,55%), Pomona (3,8%), Grippotyphosa (3,8%) and Serjoe (1,9%) Os títulos de anticorpos variaram de 50 a 800. A análise estatística (regressão de Poisson robusta) detectou seis fatores associados à soropositividade, incluindo o período chuvoso (razão de prevalência - RP=1,94; P=0,013), cães machos (RP=2,10; P=0,005), animais com idade maior que cinco anos (RP=4,21; P=0,012), consumo de água não tratada (RP=1,87; P=0,043), cães com livre acesso à rua (RP=2,15; P=0,011) e contato com animais silvestres (RP=3,54; P=0,050). Os resultados desse estudo indicaram que há a exposição por Leptospira spp. em cães da microrregião do Brejo paraibano. O sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae possui alto potencial zoonótico e foi o mais frequente nos animais soropositivos. A alta prevalência real de Leptospira spp. em uma região de transmissão da região semiárida da Paraíba e a ocorrência de animais sororreativos em todos os municípios sugerem uma ampla distribuição da infecção e reforçam a necessidade de medidas preventivas para evitar a infecção em animais de estimação e, consequentemente, em seres humanos. A análise dos fatores associados à prevalência sugere maior cuidado com os cães.

Microbiological, molecular, and histopathological findings in goats experimentally infected with Actinobacillus seminis.

The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate the pathogenicity of an Actinobacillus seminis isolate named SAAS01 in goats. Animals were challenged with 2 mL of a suspension containing 1,5 × 108 CFU/mL of A. seminis (SAAS01 isolate) through the intrapreputial, epididymis tail, and conjunctival routes. Epididymis and testicular fragments were submitted to histopathological exam, and semen samples underwent microbiological and molecular diagnoses. Clinically, a unilateral increase in firm consistency was observed in the epididymis and testicles of two animals inoculated in epididymis tail and in one animal inoculated through conjunctival sac; this firmness continued until the day of euthanasia. Two goats inoculated through epididymis tail and conjunctival sac routes presented histopathological findings with macroscopically and microscopically significant changes. A. seminis was isolated from semen samples collected from goats inoculated through the epididymis tail and conjunctival sac routes. A. seminis DNA was amplified from six semen samples of three goats inoculated through the epididymis tail, two in conjunctival sac and one through intrapreputial route. The experimental infection model using goats confirmed the pathogenicity of the A. seminis isolate, demonstrating the predilection of the agent for the epididymis, with clinical signs, histopathological lesions, bacterial isolation, and a positive molecular diagnosis.

Genomic features of a highly virulent, ceftiofur-resistant, CTX-M-8-producing Escherichia coli ST224 causing fatal infection in a domestic cat.

OBJECTIVES: Escherichia coli strains producing extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBLs), especially CTX-M-type, have been largely described in companion animals; however, genomic data are lacking to clarify the clinical impact of ESBL-producing isolates in these hosts. The aim of this study was to present the genomic features of a highly virulent, ceftiofur-resistant, CTX-M-8-producing E. coli isolate from a case of pneumonia in a domestic cat with fatal outcome. METHODS: Genomic DNA was sequenced using an Illumina NextSeq 500 platform and was assembled using CLC Genomic Workbench. Genomic data were analysed using online bioinformatics tools. RESULTS: The genome size was evaluated at 5.1Mb, with 5334 protein-coding sequences. The strain was assigned to sequence type 224 (ST224) and presented genes conferring resistance to ß-lactams (blaCTX-M-8), sulphonamides (sul2), tetracycline (tetA) and trimethoprim (dfrA14) as well as chromosomal point mutations in ParC (S80I), GyrA (S83L) and GyrB (D87N). In addition, the presence of the virulence genes cba, gad, ipfA, iroN, iss, mchF and tsh was detected. CONCLUSION: This draft genome sequence might provide important data for a better understanding of genomic aspects regarding the dissemination of CTX-M-8-producing E. coli in the human-animal-environment interface.

Epidemiological situation of vesicular stomatitis virus infection in cattle in the state of Paraíba, semiarid region of Brazil.

The aim of this survey was to estimate the apparent herd-level and animal-level prevalences, as well as to identify risk factors and spatial clustering of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) positive herds in the state of Paraíba, semiarid of Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling strata: Sertão, Borborema and Zona da Mata/Agreste. For each sampling stratum, herd-level and animal-level prevalences were estimated by a two-stage sampling survey. First, a pre-established number of herds (primary sampling units) were randomly selected; second, within each herd, a pre-established number of cows aged ≥ 24 months were systematically selected (secondary sampling units). In total, 2279 animals were sampled from 468 herds. Serum samples were submitted to virus neutralization (VN) test for detection of antibodies to VSV using three viral strains: VSIV-3 2013SaoBento/Paraiba E, strain Indiana (VSIV-1) and VSNJV. A herd was considered positive for VSV if it included at least one positive animal in herds of up to 10 females, two positive animals in herds of 11-99 females, and three positive in herds with more than 99 females. The spatial clustering was assessed using the Cuzick-Edwards' k-nearest neighbor method and spatial scan statistics. The apparent herd-level prevalence in the state of Paraíba was 38.5% (95% CI = 35.5-41.6%), 80.6% (95% CI = 73.6-86.2%) in the region of Sertão, 7.0% (95% CI = 3.9-12.2%) in Borborema, and 2.6% (95% CI = 1.0-6.7%) in Agreste/Zona da Mata. The apparent animal-level prevalence was 26.2% (95% CI = 20.6-32.8%) in the state of Paraíba, 48.2% (95% CI = 41.5-54.9%) in Sertão, 6.3% (95% CI = 2.7-14%) in Borborema, and 3.2% 1.9% (95% CI = 0.4-8.4%) in Agreste/Zona da Mata. The risk factors identified were as follows: mixed production (milk/beef) (OR = 4.54), herd size > 23 animals (OR = 3.57), presence of cervids (OR = 15.24), rental of pastures (OR = 3.02), sharing of water sources (OR = 2.57) and presence of horses (OR = 1.69). Two significant clusters of positive herds were detected: the primary cluster covered the Sertão region and the secondary cluster covered part of the Sertão and Borborema regions. Our results suggest high VSV circulation in the bovine population of the state of Paraíba, semiarid region of Brazil, mainly in the Sertão mesoregion, and based on risk factor analysis it was possible to identify important associations that deserve more investigation on causal factors.

Multidrug-resistant CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST231 associated with infection and persistent colonization of dog.

Extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacterial infections in veterinary medicine are a clinical and epidemiological challenge. We report a case of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infection followed by persistent colonization, in a dog presenting with bilateral purulent nasal discharge and dyspnea. In this regard, 5 broad-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered from infection and surveillance cultures, collected during 1 year and eight months study. Genomic analysis of a representative clone of K. pneumoniae (KpPB76) revealed the presence of the human-associated lineage ST231, whereas resistome data confirmed the presence of genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, ß-lactams, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, phenicols, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim. In the absence of therapeutic options, meropenem therapy was used, contributing to the control of infection during persistent carriage of K. pneumoniae CTX-M-15/ST231. Persistent colonization of companion animals with ESBL-producing bacteria could be result from a variety of situations, including multi introduction from the owner or household family members to pets, or from environmental exposure; whereas colonized animals may serve as an important source for the spread of ESBL-producing strains in the human-animal interface.

Sazonalidade da mosca-dos-chifres, Haematobia irritans, no semiárido brasileiro / Seasonality of horn flies (Haematobia irritans) in the Brazilian semi-arid

A mosca-dos-chifres (Haematobia irritans) é uma dos principais pragas que afetam a pecuária no Brasil. A despeito das carências regionais, inexistem estudos que avaliem sua importância e subsidiem seu controle no nordeste brasileiro. O presente estudo objetivou conhecer a dinâmica populacional e determinar os níveis de infestação da H. irritans no semiárido paraibano, visando subsidiar programas de controle. O estudo foi conduzido no Núcleo de Pesquisa para o Trópico Semiárido, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, município de Patos, Paraíba. Durante 42 meses, de abril 2011 a setembro 2014, contagens de moscas-dos-chifres foram realizadas a cada 14 dias em um rebanho Sindi (26 vacas e um touro). Paralelamente, foram registrados diariamente os principais parâmetros climáticos. Infestações da mosca-dos-chifres ocorreram durante todo o período de estudo, com infestações individuais superiores a 100 moscas em todas as contagens, infestações médias mensais de até 183 moscas/vaca e infestações individuais máximas de 500 moscas nas vacas e 1.800 moscas no touro. Influenciados pela influência microclimática de grandes açudes, a mosca-dos-chifres apresentou comportamento bimodal, com picos populacionais anuais em outubro/novembro e março. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre fatores climáticos e resultados das contagens. De modo a evitar os picos de infestação e reduzir perdas econômicas subsequentes, medidas de controle são recomendadas.(AU)

The horn fly (Haematobia irritans) is a major livestock pest in Brazil. Despite of the regional needs, no studies assessing its importance and subsidizing its control are available for the Brazilian northeast. The present study aimed to know the population dynamics and determine the infestation levels of H. irritans on cattle in the semiarid region of the Paraíba state, in order to support control programs. The study was conducted at the Nucleus of Research for the Semiarid Tropics, Federal University of Campina Grande, municipality of Patos, Paraíba. During 42 months, from April 2011 to September 2014, horn fly counts were performed every 14 days in a Sindi herd (26 cows and a bull). The main climatic parameters were recorded daily. Horn fly infestations occurred throughout the study, with individual infestations above 100 flies at all counts, monthly mean infestations of up to 183 flies/cow and maximum individual infestations of 500 flies on cows and 1,800 flies on the bull. Influenced by microclimatic influence of large reservoirs, the horn fly population showed a bimodal behavior, with population peaks in October/November and March. No significant correlation between climatic factors and fly counts was found. In order to avoid infestation peaks and to reduce subsequent economic losses, control measures are recommended.(AU)

Soroprevalência da infecção por Corynebacterium pseudotuberulosis em caprinos no Nordeste brasileiro utilizando técnica de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA-indireto) / Serological study on Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in goats in the Brazilian Northeast using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-indirect)

A caprinocultura na região Nordeste do Brasil desempenha importante função socioeconômica e estratégica. A rusticidade desta atividade nesta região, aliada a sua rápida expansão em outros estados, tem gerado perdas na sua cadeia produtiva a nível regional e nacional, causadas por doenças infecciosas, destacando-se a Linfadenite Caseosa (LC), afecção amplamente difundida nos rebanhos caprinos, acarretando sérios prejuízos econômicos à atividade. Embora LC tenha sido detectada como um problema endêmico no nordeste brasileiro, uma análise abrangente e mais recente desta prevalência nos rebanhos caprinos brasileiros se faz necessária. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em cinco dos nove estados que compõem a região Nordeste do Brasil. Foram processadas amostras de soro de 2571 caprinos provenientes de 218 propriedades rurais oriundas de cinco estados da região Nordeste do Brasil, coletadas entre os anos de 2010 a 2012. O diagnóstico da infecção por C. pseudotuberculosis foi realizado pela técnica de ELISA-indireto. Em 88,5% (193/218) das propriedades investigadas, pelo menos um caprino foi soropositivo para C. pseudotuberculosis, sugerindo que o agente se encontra disseminado nos rebanhos do Nordeste, com a maior prevalência encontrada no Rio Grande do Norte (94,5%) e a menor no estado de Sergipe (70,3%). Foram identificados 783 (30,4%; IC 95%=28,7-32,2%) caprinos soropositivos, com a maior prevalência entre animais encontrada no Piauí (41,4%) e a menor no estado de Sergipe (22,5%). De um total de 279 reprodutores avaliados, 106 (37,9%) resultaram soropositivos, destacando-se o Rio Grande do Norte, com 45,30%, e Piauí com 46,8% dos reprodutores positivos para LC. Das 1420 matrizes testadas, 599(42,1%) apresentaram sorologia positiva para C. pseudotuberculosis. Entre os estados esta distribuição também se manteve semelhante, destacando-se o Rio Grande do Norte, com 47,5% e Piauí com 59,5% das matrizes positivos para LC. Entre os 872 caprinos jovens avaliados, 78 (8,9%) foram soropositivos para LC, observando-se uma diferença estatística na frequência de sopositividade obtidas entre os adultos e os jovens (P<0,001). Reforça-se a necessidade do diagnóstico da enfermidade em rebanhos caprinos da região Nordeste para possível implementação de programas de controle da doença e medidas mais precisas no manejo da LC junto aos criadores de caprinos.(AU)

Goat farming in the Northeast region of Brazil plays an important socioeconomic and strategic role. The rusticity of this activity in this region, allied with its rapid expansion in other states, has caused losses in its production chain in regional and national levels, caused by infectious diseases, especially caseous lymphadenitis (CL), a widespread goat herds disease which has been causing serious economic loss to this activity. Although CL has been detected as an endemic problem in the Brazilian Northeast, a comprehensive and more recent analysis of this prevalence in Brazilian goats is necessary. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis antibodies in five of nine states of the northeast region of Brazil. Serum samples were collected from 2571 goats from 218 farms in five states in the Northeast region of Brazil, collected between 2010 and 2012. The diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis infection was made using the ELISA-indirect technique. In 88.5% (193/218) of the investigated properties, at least one goat was seropositive for C. pseudotuberculosis, suggesting that the agent is widespread in Northeast herds, with the highest prevalence found in Rio Grande do Norte (94.5%) and the lowest one in the state of Sergipe (70.3%). A total of 783 (30.45%; 95% CI = 28.71-32.26%) seropositive goats were found, and the highest prevalence among animals was found in Piauí (41.4%) and the lowest in the state of Sergipe (22.5%). Out of a total of 279 breeding herds, 106 (37.99%) were seropositive, standing out the Rio Grande do Norte, with a total of 45.30%, and Piauí 46.8% of positive breeding for CL. A total of the 1420 tested matrices, 599 (42.1%) presented positive serology for C. pseudotuberculosis. Among the States, this distribution also remained similar, standing out Rio Grande do Norte with 47.5%, and Piauí with 59.5% of positive matrices for CL. Among 872 young goats evaluated, 78 (8.9%) were seropositive for CL, observing a statistical difference in the frequency of soropositivity obtained between adults and young adults (P<0.001). The necessity to diagnose the disease in goat herds in the Northeast region is reinforced for the possible implementation of disease control programs and more precise measures to manage CL along with goat farmers.(AU)

Soropositividade e fatores de risco para leptospirose, toxoplasmose e neosporose na população canina do Estado da Paraíba / Seropositivity and risk factors for leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in the canine population of Paraiba state, northeastern Brazil

Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a frequência de animais soropositivos para Leptospira spp., Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em cães do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, bem como identificar fatores de risco. Foram amostrados 1.043 soros de cães procedentes de cinco centros urbanos considerados polos regionais: João Pessoa, Campina Grande, Patos, Sousa e Cajazeiras. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por Leptospira spp. foi utilizada a soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) enquanto que para detecção de anticorpos anti-T. gondii e N. caninum empregou-se a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Noventa e sete cães apresentaram aglutininas anti-Leptospiraspp., resultando em frequência de 9,3% (IC 95% = 7,5-11,1%). Os sorovares de maior frequência foram Icterohaemorragiae (47,4%), Copenhageni (16,5%), Bratislava (11,3%), Canicola (10,3%) e Pomona (6,2%). Observou-se soropositividade de 22,1% (231/1.043; IC 95% = 19,6-24,7%) e 7,7% (80/1.043; IC 95% = 6,1-9,3%) para T. gondii e N. caninum, respectivamente. Idade >48 meses (OR=2,92), raça não definida (OR=1,94) e criação com acesso à rua (OR=1,57) foram apontados como fatores de risco para infecção por Leptospira spp. Para toxoplasmose, as categorias idade >48 meses (OR=1,74), alimentação com comida caseira (OR=2,24), alimentação com ração e comida caseira (OR=2,34) e contato com gatos (OR=1,57) foram consideradas fatores de risco, enquanto que a criação com acesso à rua (OR=2,62) foi fator de risco para N. caninum. Conclui-se que cães de cinco centros urbanos do Estado da Paraíba estão expostos às infecções por Leptospiraspp., T. gondii e N. caninum, evidenciadas pela detecção de anticorpos, bem como sugere-se melhor manejo alimentar, controle no acesso a ambientes externos e destino adequado das fezes de gatos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of seropositive animals for Leptospiraspp., Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs from Paraiba state, northeastern Brazil, and to identify risk factors. A total of 1,043 sera were sampled from dogs from five urban centers considered as regional poles: João Pessoa, Campina Grande, Patos, Sousa and Cajazeiras. For the serological diagnosis of Leptospira spp. infection the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used, and for detecting anti-T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies the indirect fluorescent antiboy test (IFAT) was carried out. Ninety-seven dogs showed anti-Leptospira spp. agglutinins, resulting in a frequency of 9.3% (95% CI=7.5; 11.1%). The most frequente serovars were Icterohaemorragiae (47.4%), Copenhageni (16.5%), Bratislava (11.3%), Canicola (10.3%) and Pomona (6.2%). The seropositivities for T. gondii and N. caninum were 22.1% (231/1043; 95% CI=19.6; 24.7%) and 7.7% (80/1043; 95% CI=6.1; 9.3%) respectively. Age >48 months (OR=2.92), mixed breed (OR=1.94) and access to street (OR=1.57) were identified as risk factors for Leptospira spp. infection. For toxoplasmosis, the categories age >48 months (OR=1.74), homemade food (OR=2.24), comercial and homemade food (OR=2.34) and contact with cats (OR=1.57) were considered risk factors, while access to street (OR=2.62) was risk fator for N. caninum. We conclude that dogs from five urban centers in Paraiba state are exposed to Leptospira spp., T. gondii and N. caninum infections, evidenced by antibody detection, as well as it is suggested a better feed management, control of outside home environment access and proper disposal of cat feces.(AU)

Incidência de Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina e Babesia bovis em bezerros no semiárido paraibano / Incidence of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis among calves in the semiarid region of Paraiba, Brazil

Este estudo avaliou a incidência de infecções naturais pelos agentes da tristeza parasitária bovina (TPB), Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina, em bezerros nascidos em cinco fazendas do semiárido paraibano. Em cada fazenda, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 6 a 14 bezerros a cada 14 dias durante os primeiros 12 meses de vida de cada animal. As amostras de sangue foram processadas por microhematócrito e testadas por PCR para detecção de DNA de A. marginale, B. bovis e B. bigemina. Em paralelo, foram quantificadas as infestações por carrapatos nos bovinos nas cinco fazendas, assim como as populações de tabanídeos em três fazendas. De 41 bezerros monitorados durante o primeiro ano de vida, 25 (61,0%) apresentaram PCR positivo para A. marginale, 7 (17,1%) para B. bigemina e 3 (7,3%) para B. bovis. Os valores de incidência da infecção por A. marginale variaram de 83,3% a 100% em quatro fazendas. A infecção por B. bigemina ocorreu em bezerros de apenas duas fazendas (incidências de 12,5% e 85,7%) e a por B. bovis em apenas uma (incidência de 42,8%). Em uma fazenda os 14 bezerros permaneceram negativos para A. marginale, B. bigemina e B. bovis durante os 12 meses de acompanhamento. Os resultados de PCR foram confirmados por sequenciamento de DNA de produtos amplificados. A presença de carrapatos Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus foi verificada somente em duas propriedades, nas quais houve infecção por A. marginale, B. bigemina e B. bovis (este último agente em apenas uma delas). Foram capturados 930 tabanídeos no estudo, a maioria durante os períodos de chuvas na região; 70,7% dos tabanídeos corresponderam a Tabanus claripennis. Houve associação significativa entre PCR positivo para A. marginale ou B. bigemina e menores valores de hematócrito. Este estudo demonstra que, mesmo avaliando apenas cinco propriedades rurais, a incidência dos agentes da TPB ocorreu de forma heterogênea na região, corroborando o status de área de instabilidade enzoótica para TPB previamente relatado para o semiárido paraibano.(AU)

This study evaluated the incidence of natural infection by agents of cattle tick fever (CTF), Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in calves born in five farms within the semiarid region of Paraíba state, Brazil. In each farm, blood samples were collected from 6 to 14 calves every 14 days during the first 12 months of life of each animal. Blood samples were processed by microhematocrit and tested by PCR for detection of DNA of A. marginale, B. bovis and B. bigemina. In parallel, the tick infestations on animals were quantified in the five farms, as well as populations in horseflies in three farms. From a total of 41 calves monitored during the first year of life, 25 (61.0%) had positive PCR for A. marginale, 7 (17.1%) for B. bigemina and 3 (7.3%) to B. bovis. Incidence values for A. marginale infection ranged from 83.3% to 100% in four farms. Infection with B. bigemina in calves was detected at only two farms (incidence of 12.5% and 85.7%) and by B. bovis in just one (42.8% incidence). On one farm 14 calves remained negative for A. marginale, B. bigemina and B. bovis during the 12 month follow-up. PCR results were confirmed by DNA sequencing of amplified products. The presence of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was found only in two farms in which there was infection by A. marginale, B. bigemina and B. bovis (the latter agent in only one of them). A total of 930 horseflies were captured in the study, most during periods of rain in the region; 70.7% of horseflies corresponded to Tabanus claripennis. There was significant association between a positive PCR for A. marginale and B. bigemina and lower hematocrit values. This study demonstrates that even evaluating only five rural properties, the incidence of CTF occurred heterogeneously in the region, confirming the status of enzootic instability area for CTF, previously reported for the semiarid region of Paraiba.(AU)

Leishmaniose visceral em cães de assentamentos rurais / Visceral leishmaniasis in dogs from rural settlements

Nos assentamentos rurais há maiores concentrações de reservatórios e vetores da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) devido às transformações ambientais resultantes da ação antrópica pela ocupação do território, no entanto, não há estudos no Brasil acerca de informações epidemiológicas da LVC em assentamentos rurais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a soroprevalência para Leishmania sp. em cães de assentamentos rurais, bem como identificar os fatores de risco associados a infecção. Foram utilizados 306 cães e o diagnóstico sorológico da LVC foi realizado através do ELISA S7. Dos 306 cães investigados, 118 apresentaram anticorpos anti-Leishmania sp., resultando em frequência de 38,6%. Idade de 12 - 24 meses (OR=2,97), idade de 24--48 meses (OR=4,83), idade de 4-6 anos (OR=4,40), idade >6 anos (OR=3,62), contato com aves (OR=1,67) e sexo (fêmea) (OR=1,97) foram apontados como fatores de risco para LVC. Cães de assentamentos rurais do semiárido paraibano apresentaram frequência elevada de anticorpos anti-Leishmania sp., o que torna a população desses locais susceptíveis à infecção. Isso evidencia a necessidade de alerta aos órgãos de vigilância epidemiológica para estabelecer medidas de prevenção e controle dessa zoonose, incluindo ações educacionais e sanitárias nesses assentamentos, já que os mesmos estão situados em áreas com características propícias à instalação da LVC.(AU)

In rural settlements there are higher concentrations of reservoirs and vectors of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) due to environmental changes resulting from human action by occupation of the territory, however, there are no surveys in Brazil on epidemiological information of CVL in these areas. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Leishmania sp. in dogs from rural settlements, as well as to identify the risk factors associated with infection. A total of 306 dogs were tested, and the serological diagnosis of CVL was performed by ELISA S7. Of the 306 dogs, 118 presented anti-Leishmania sp. antibodies., resulting in a frequency of 38.6%. The risk factors identified for CVL seropositivity were: age of 12-24 months (OR=2.97), age of 24-48 months (OR=4.83), age of 4-6 years (OR=4.40), age >6 years (OR=3.62), contact with poultry (OR=1.67) and gender (female) (OR=1.97). Dogs from rural settlements in the semiarid of Paraiba showed high anti-Leishmania sp. antibody frequency, what makes the population of those settlements susceptible to infection. This highlights for the need to alert the epidemiological surveillance agencies to stablish prevention and control methods for that zoonosis, including educational and health activities on these settlements, as they are located in areas with favorable characteristics for CVL installation.(AU)

Spatial cluster analysis for bovine paratuberculosis in Paraiba State, Northeastern Brazil / Análise de aglomerados espaciais para paratuberculose bovina no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

The aim of this survey was to identify spatial clustering of bovine paratuberculosis positive herds in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling groups: sampling stratum 1 (mesoregion of Sertão), sampling stratum 2 (mesoregion of Borborema), and sampling stratum 3 (mesoregions of Zona da Mata and Agreste). Ten animals were sampled in herds with up to 99 cows aged over 24 months; 15 animals were sampled in herds with 100 or more cows aged over 24 months; and all animals were sampled in those with up to 10 cows aged over 24 months. In total, 2504 cows aged ≥ 24 months were sampled from 480 herds. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) test kits were used for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody detection. A herd was deemed positive for paratuberculosis if it included at least one positive animal in herds of up to 24 females, and two positive animals in herds with more than 24 females. Spatial clustering was assessed using the Cuzick-Edwards' k-nearest neighbor method and spatial scan statistics. Two significant clustering of positive herds were detected in Northern part of Borborema mesoregion, a border region with the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in which there is a large animal movement from different locations without knowing the sanitary condition of animals. As serological tests for MAP diagnosis are not widely available and are very expensive, as well as replacement or maintenance of livestock by animal purchasing is common in the region, it is concluded that prevention measures should be applied at herd level.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar agrupamentos espaciais de rebanhos positivos para paratuberculose bovina no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O estado foi dividido em três grupos amostrais: estrato amostral 1 (mesorregião do Sertão), estrato amostral 2 (mesorregião da Borborema), e estrato amostral 3 (mesorregiões da Zona da Mata e Agreste). Dez animais foram amostrados em rebanhos com até 99 vacas com idade maior ou igual a 24 meses; 15 animais foram amostrados em rebanhos com 100 ou mais vacas com idade maior ou igual a 24 meses; e todos os animais foram amostrados naqueles rebanhos com até 10 vacas. No total, foram amostradas 2504 vacas com idade ≥24 meses de 480 rebanhos. Para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) foram utilizados kits do teste imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA). Um rebanho foi considerado positivo para paratuberculose se apresentasse pelo menos um animal positivo em rebanhos de até 24 fêmeas, e dois animais positivos em rebanhos com mais de 24 fêmeas. Os agrupamentos espaciais foram avaliados com o uso da metodologia k-vizinhos mais próximos de Cuzick-Edwards e estatística espacial de varredura. Dois agrupamentos significativos de rebanhos positivos foram detectados na parte norte da mesorregião da Borborema, uma região de fronteira com o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte onde há intenso movimento de animais de diferentes locais sem o conhecimento do estado sanitário desses animais. Tendo em vista que os testes sorológicos para diagnóstico de MAP não são amplamente disponíveis e muito caros, bem como é comum na região a reposição e manutenção dos rebanhos por compra de animais, conclui-se que medidas de prevenção devem ser aplicadas em nível de rebanho.(AU)

Achados microbiológicos, moleculares e histopatológicos em pequenos ruminantes experimentalmente infectados com Actinobacillus seminis / Microbiological, molecular and histopathological findings in small ruminants experimentally infected with Actinobacillus seminis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a patogenicidade, em ovinos, de uma cepa de Actinobacillus seminis isolada de caprino no Brasil. Foram utilizadas amostras de sêmen, punção e fragmentos de epidídimo, ducto deferente, testículos e glândulas seminíferas de dois caprinos (animais 1 e 2) e dois ovinos (animais 3 e 4), e foram realizados exame histopatológico, cultivo microbiológico e diagnóstico molecular. O inóculo foi preparado com solução salina na diluição de 10-2 correspondendo ao padrão 1,0 da escala de McFarland, com colônias previamente cultivadas de A. seminis e administrado no volume de 2 mL pelas vias intra-prepucial (animais 1 e 3) e na cauda do epidídimo (animais 2 e 4). Na avaliação clínica observou-se aumento unilateral de consistência firme após 30 dias no epidídimo e testículo do animal 4 que continuou até o dia da eutanásia, bem como o animal 1 apresentou discreto aumento unilateral dos testículos. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas observadas nos animais 3 e 4 foram compatíveis com aquelas causadas pela infecção por A. seminis. A. seminis foi isolado de material de punção e sêmen de um ovino (animal 4). Conclui-se que o modelo de infecção experimental utilizando caprinos e ovinos comprovou a patogenicidade da amostra de A. seminis, isolada de um caprino no semiárido brasileiro e reproduzida em um ovino, comprovando a predileção do agente pelo epidídimo, com quadro clinico, achados histopatológicos, isolamento bacteriano e diagnóstico molecular positivo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in sheep, the pathogenicity of an Actinobacillus seminis strain isolated from a goat in Brazil. Samples of semen, puncture and fragments of epididymis, deferent duct, testicles and seminal vesicles from two goats (animals 1 and 2) and two sheep (animals 3 and 4) were used, and histopathological, microbiological culture and molecular diagnoses were performed. The inoculum was prepared with saline solution at 10-2 dilution corresponding to 1.0 McFarland standard, with A. seminis colonies previously cultured and administered on 2mL volume by intra-preputial (animals 1 and 3) and epididymis tail (animals 2 and 4) routes. At clinical evaluation it were found unilateral swelling of firm consistency after 30 days in epididymis and testicle from animal 4 that continued until the day of euthanasia, as well as animal 1 shown discrete unilateral swelling of testicles. Gross and microscopic lesions in animals 3 and 4 were compatibles with that caused by A. seminis infection. A. seminis was isolated from material of puncture and semen of one sheep (animal 4). It is concluded that the experimental infection model using goats and sheep has proved the pathogenicity of the A. seminis strain isolated from a goat in the Brazilian semiarid and reproduced in a sheep, which confirm the prediletion of the agent for epididymis, with clinical signs, histopathological findings, bacterial isolation and positive molecular diagnosis.(AU)

Herd-level seroprevalence and associated risk factors for bovine cysticercosis in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil.

This study focused on estimating the herd-level and animal-level prevalences, and identifying risk factors associated with bovine cysticercosis in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling strata: Sertao, Borborema and Zona da Mata/Agreste. For each sampling stratum, herd-level and animal-level prevalences were estimated by a two-stage sampling survey. First, a pre-established number of herds (primary sampling units) were randomly selected; second, within each herd a pre-established number of cows aged ≥24months were systematically selected (secondary sampling units). Ten animals were sampled in herds with up to 99 cows aged over 24 months; 15 animals were sampled in herds with 100 or more cows aged over 24 months; and all animals were sampled in those with up to 10 cows aged over 24 months. In total, 2382 animals were sampled from 474 herds. Serological diagnosis was initially performed by the indirect ELISA, and positive sera were confirmed by immunoblot. A herd was deemed positive if it included at least one positive animal in herds of up to 29 females, and two positive animals in herds with more than 29 females. The herd-level prevalence in the State of Paraíba was 10.8% (95% CI=8.1%-14.1%), 10.3% (95% CI=6.4%-16.1%) in the region of Sertão, 6.9% (95% CI=3.9%-12.1%) in Borborema, and 13.8% (95% CI=9.3%-20.2%) in Agreste/Zona da Mata. The animal-level prevalence was 2.3% (95% CI=1.6%-3.3%) in the State of Paraíba, 1.4% (95% CI=0.8%-2.5%) in Sertão, 3.6% (95% CI=1.7%-7.4%) in Borborema, and 3.2% (95% CI=1.9%-5.4%) in Agreste/Zona da Mata. The risk factors identified were as follows: animal purchasing (OR=2.19) and presence of flooded pastures (OR=1.99). Our findings suggest that bovine cysticercosis herd-level seroprevalence in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, is high, and support the idea that prevention measures should be applied at herd level and farmers should restrict the access of their cattle to flooded pastures.

Caracterização epidemiológica e fatores de risco associados à infecção por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes na região do semiárido paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil / Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with lentivirus infection in small ruminants in the semiarid of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR) e identificar os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de caprinos e ovinos soropositivos no semiárido do Estado da Paraíba. Foram utilizados 1.733 animais, sendo 1.274 caprinos procedentes de 62 Unidades de Produção (UPs) e 459 ovinos provenientes de 32 UPs. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por lentivírus foi utilizado o teste de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Dos 1.274 caprinos analisados 15 (1,18%) foram soropositivos, enquanto que todos os 459 ovinos foram soronegativos. Das 62 propriedades caprinas analisadas oito (12,9%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de caprinos soropositivos foram área da propriedade (odds ratio = 3,28; p = 0,044), ausência de capacitação dos produtores (odds ratio = 8,29; p = 0,042) e uso de monta natural não controlada (odds ratio = 6,78; p = 0,012). Conclui-se que a infecção por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes, demonstrada pela detecção de anticorpos, está disseminada em rebanhos caprinos do semiá­rido paraibano, e sugere-se o incentivo à capacitação contínua dos produtores, manutenção de reprodutores negativos ao LVPR e utilização de inseminação artificial com o intuito de evitar o contato físico entre macho e fêmeas.(AU)

The aim of this survey was to determine the seroprevalence of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) and to identify risk factors for the occurrence of seropositive goats and sheep in the semiarid region of Paraiba State. It were used 1,733 animals, being 1,274 goats from 62 Production Units (PU) and 459 sheep from 38 PU. For the serological diagnosis of lentivirus infection the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) was used. Of the 1,274 goats 15 (1.18%) were seropositive, and all 459 sheep were seronegative. Of the 62 goat herds eight (12.9%) presented at least one seropositive animal. Risk factors for the occurrence of seropositive goats were area of the property ≤35 ha (odds ratio = 3.28; p=0.044), not training of producers (odds ratio = 8.29; p=0.042) and use of uncontrolled natural mating (odds ratio = 6.78; p=0.012). It is concluded that lentivirus infection detected by serology is spread in goat flocks in the semiarid of the State of Paraíba, and it is suggested to encourage the continous capacitation of owners, maintenance of reproducers negative for SRLV and use of artificial insemination aiming to avoid the physical contact among male and females.(AU)